Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. A theory of justice. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. Democratic legitimacy. Feminism, epistemology and morality. The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. Fleurbaey, M. (1995). Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. This essay will proceed as follows. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. (Eds. Cambridge: Polity Press. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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A major reason is that until well into the twentieth century, white men of European background constituted an overwhelming majority of the voting population. Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? Shaw and McKay created common complication hypothesis to explain variety crosswise over neighborhoods. 9. Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. . 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. The research can utilize methods such as surveys, observation, field experiments, interviews and number analysis. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. 2. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. Toggle navigation. Currently, forty-six African Americans serve in Congress. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). In: Danielsen, H., Jegerstedt, K., Muriaas, R., Ytre-Arne, B. (1996). This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. Mansbridge, J. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. The current reservation system keeps 13% of vacancies in government sector reserved for SC, 7.5 % for ST and 27.5% for OBC. 2. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. Grofman, B. Cornell, D. (1998). Williams, M. S. (1998). An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. In B. Grofman et al. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. blurted this. The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. Cons are arguments against it. ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. The descriptive representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation Tali Mendelberg Princeton University Christopher F. Karpowitz Brigham Young University Nicholas Goedert Washington University in St. Louis Does low descriptive representation inhibit substantive representation for women in deliberating groups? While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . New York: Oxford University Press. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. I was taught to never judge someone by how they look but upon their actions. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Tables can be useful if trying to. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Weldon, L. S. (2002). The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. This allows more people to benefit from the decisions the government makes when compared with other types of ruling structures. Young, I. M. (1994). There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. Firms, boards and gender quotas: Comparative perspectives. You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? For minorities, America is not the land of the free. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. Kymlicka, W. (1993). This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. Visualize the benefits and drawbacks of the solution. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. By making the decision-making process more . Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. Evidence from Romania. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. Rawls, J. (2004). (2004). The debate about whether grades help or hinder student learning is as old as the U.S. grading system itself, dating back to the late 1800s. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. Ethnic Heterogeneity Ethnic Heterogeneity also known as ethnic diversity is another variable associated with social disorganization theory that I consider to be one of the. Phillips, A. Quantitativist. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. 9. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . Pros of Reservation System in India The Reservation System in India traces its roots back to the pre-independence era, when it was introduced to put an end to social evils such as untouchability and caste system. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . Should representatives be typical of their constituents? While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently. This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. Nussbaum, M. (1999). Disadvantages of proportional representation. All names, acronyms, logos and trademarks displayed on this website are those of their respective owners. As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. 4. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. 3. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. This conclusion is complicated by the fact that some regard equal group level outcomes not as a good in and by itself but as the best available proxy for equal opportunities given available data and conventional statistical techniques (Phillips 2004). Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . Democratic political theory. When nondescriptive representatives have, for various reasons, greater SDLC models might have a different approach but the basic phases and activity remain the same for all the models. 3. 3. Various reforms such as the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Acts were implemented during the civil rights era as they helped promote greater inclusion and equity to, but not limited to, African Americans and Mexican-Americans. Democracy With Adequate Representation. Lafont, C. (2006). Purpose. The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. CrossRef What is a Descriptive Representative? Sound bar - Pros and Cons. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Vibert, F. (2007). If you are doing a comparison between two products, you might give one product an unfair advantage to get the desired results. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. 1. Walby, S. (2011). Citing Literature. 3. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (1982). #1) Waterfall Model. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Your email address will not be published. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. (1995). Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. London: Sage. : LOCAL DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION, Do Gender Quotas Work? Your email address will not be published. Quantitative Methodology. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. (2005). Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and participation. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. New York: Oxford University Press. Reading a hundred pages may not give any scope to make a decision. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. Highlight the major advantages and disadvantages of the product, process, strategy, idea, etc. Would perfect mobility be perfect? 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. \(\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} \). The two main types of representation are descriptive and agency representation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. 7. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Roemer, J. Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. View all access and purchase options for this article. Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. Representing Diversity. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. Holst, C. (2014). It is an Efficient Form of Government. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. Cornell, D. (1995). Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. List of the Pros of Experimental Research 1. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. 3. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). Implicit Standards for Evaluating Representatives . Democracy and disagreement. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. 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