Vibration: MICC is not suitable for use where it will be subject to vibration or flexing, for example connection to heavy or movable machinery. Cable with a PVC insulation or sheathing is flame retardant, which is an important consideration for electric cables in most applications. Prysmian has been researching and developing high-quality, efficient fire performance cables for decades. Copyright 2002-2017 DEDECMS. What is the price compared with XPLE? PVC means poly vinyl chloride and it produces acidic droplets besides smoke. Use the Draka Sales Locator tool and
For HT cables XLPE is a must. Has to have machinery for manufacture of these specialized products. It can be either ductwork or open space over a supended celing or raised floor. If you are talking about electrical cabling, then the intent is to use cable that is flame resistant, and will work for a longer period of time before succumbing to fire and extreme heat. A comparison of the basic, energy consumption. Our FT120 fire resistant cable, which provides enhanced firecable performance with all the benefits associated with pliable alarm cable, is an example of Drakas innovative, market driven approach to making fire rated cables that set the standard for others to follow. Flame Retardant Low Smoke PVC compound which is present in the cable, ensures low smoke release compared to other wires with PVC coating. With the progress of science and technology, social and economic development and the needs of human development, as the one of the most important industrial product,wire and cable products, people have higher and higher requirements for its flame retardant, fire resistance and fire prevention performance. NEC 760.176 (F) requires CI cables for NFPA fire alarm systems used to meet the survivability of critical circuits requirements and be listed for that function per NFPA 72. I agree to be bound by its terms. THE EXPRESSION PROSPECTUS DIRECTIVE MEANS DIRECTIVE 2003/71/EC (THIS DIRECTIVE AND AMENDMENTS THERETO, INCLUDING DIRECTIVE 2010/73/EC, TO THE EXTENT IMPLEMENTED IN THE RELEVANT MEMBER STATE, TOGETHER WITH ANY IMPLEMENTING MEASURES IN ANY MEMBER STATE). Reliability at its core . When the cables are exposed to fire, these polymeric materials start decomposing releasing halogen and dense toxic smoke causing asphyxiation and impairing visibility. Class A fire-resistant cable fire performance is better than class B. This is even before British Standards for fire resistance became available. A flame-retardant cable is designed only to restrict the spread of a fire by inhibiting combustion. PK: Unfortunately, we are not very serious about safety standards in our country. AB: To answer this question, the effect of fire on cables needs to be explained. This can lead to data loss as a result of more packets of data needing to be retransmitted. Fire-resistant cable is divided into class A and class B. Flame-retardant tests measure flame propagation for both horizontal and vertical applications. Also, mineral insulated cable is a better performance of fire-resistant cables made of copper core, copper sheath, magnesium oxide insulation material processing, referred to as MI (mineral insulated cables) cable. Class B cable can be in 750 ~ 800 flame and rated voltage to withstand burning for at least 90min, and the cable is not broken. The Draka brand means innovation in cable and its a brand our customers trust. Insulators and structural components made from FR4 with the UL standard marking are guaranteed to prevent fire propagation and extinguish the fire quickly. For example, if the oxygen index of a material is 21 percent, it means that the material will burn by itself even at room temperature because at room temperature the normal oxygen content is 21 percent. THE SECURITIES REFERRED TO HEREIN HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED AND WILL NOT BE REGISTERED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE U.S. SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE SECURITIES ACT), OR PURSUANT TO THE CORRESPONDING REGULATIONS IN FORCE IN THE OTHER COUNTRIES AND MAY NOT BE OFFERED OR SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES OR TO U. It is measured as per IS 10810 Part 63 or ASTM D 2843. QUALSIASI OFFERTA DI STRUMENTI FINANZIARI IN QUALSIASI STATO MEMBRO DELLO SPAZIO ECONOMICO EUROPEO (SEE) CHE ABBIA RECEPITO LA DIRETTIVA PROSPETTI (CIASCUNO, UN STATO MEMBRO RILEVANTE) SAR EFFETTUATA SULLA BASE DI UN PROSPETTO APPROVATO DALLAUTORIT COMPETENTE E PUBBLICATO IN CONFORMIT A QUANTO PREVISTO DALLA DIRETTIVA PROSPETTI (LOFFERTA PUBBLICA CONSENTITA) E/O AI SENSI DI UNESENZIONE DAL REQUISITO DI PUBBLICAZIONE DI UN PROSPETTO PER OFFERTE DI STRUMENTI FINANZIARI PREVISTA DALLA DIRETTIVA PROSPETTI. Special training to handle or install is also not needed as is with MI cable. today to learn more about our FR4 fabrication capabilities. Cables are insulated and externally covered with polymeric materials which are organic compounds. There is increasing number of cases of fire due to short circuit, and especially in crowded cities, and high rises, lots of lives have been lost. The use of fireretardant/resistant coatings (FRC) is one of the simplest and most efficient methods for building fire protection. The fire properties of cables are of great importance from a fire safety perspective. Prysmian offers an extensive range of independently tested and certified fireresistant cables. As far as insulation is concerned, PE or XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) has got more advantage over PVC. The conventional polymers which have been in use for many years are halogenated materials. Accetto di rispettarne i vincoli. Our FP range meets the critical installation and performance criteria, delivering the highest possible quality standard.FP cables manufactured by Prysmian are designed to meet the requirements of the relevant fire tests. Copyrights 2000-2021: Relemac. What is flame retardant cable?. b. The resistance-to-fire performance is measured as follows: 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes of operation in a standardised fire condition at European Level (CENELEC) and equivalent international (IEC). DEC can be caused by overloading, short circuit, faulty installation, or due to poor quality of products used, which again could be poor quality of raw materials, or poor quality of manufacture, or both. To know more, log on to www.relemaccables.com, Your email address will not be published. In the event of a fire, both types will emit very low levels of smoke. Advantages and disadvantages of fire resistant cable cable: . Each of these types can be sub-categorized depending on their application and safety requirements. It is reported that 80 percent deaths which occurs due to fire are not caused by burns; they are actually caused by the inhalation of these toxic gases. Fire, Safety and Security; Electrical Heating, Ventilation & Control; Installation Tips; Lighting; Power; Regulation and Legislation; . Conductor . IS 1554 (for PVC insulated Cables), IS 7098 (for XLPE insulated cables, or IS- 694 for wires and flexibles) covers the requirements for cables for safety against fire.On the cable or wire outer jacket additional properties against fire are mentioned by marking word FR or FRLS. The above is the differences between flame retardant cable and wire and fire-resistant cable and wire summarized by JZDWire&Cable manufactruer and supplier. Ho letto e compreso il disclaimer sopraesposto. Zero halogen cables, with their inhibited production of dense black smoke, significantly increase the chances of escape. The FP cable range is the result of almost 50 years of continuous development of cables for fire alarms, emergency lighting, life safety and fire fighting systems. 100V) Fire-resistant cable and flame retardant cable are not the same. This is not necessary. Fire Resistant Cables maintain circuit integrity even in case the cables come in . AB: We as a cable manufacturer have to first ascertain the intended application, i.e., whether the cable is for indoor or outdoor application. If you have some expert knowledge or experience, why not consider sharing this with our community. Download as PDF. 4.Where to buy fire resistant cable Global Fire Resistant Cables market shares of main players, shipments in revenue, sales quantity, and ASP, 2018-2023 Purchase this report (Price 3480 USD for a single-user license) - https://www . The clear concepts and advantages and disadvantages of flame-retardant cables, halogen-free cables, and fire-resistant cables The characteristic of flame-retardant cable is to delay the spread of flame along the cable so that the fire will not expand. They must self-extinguish and prevent fire from traveling up the riser between the floors or elevator shafts. Overview. These buildings include mass transit stations like London Underground, Heathrow Terminal 5, St Pancras Eurostar terminal. Ltd, established in 1993, specializes in manufacturing premium quality Instrumentation Signal Cables, Building Wire, Control Cables, Coaxial Cables, Multi Core Cables, XLPE Power Cables, PTFE Wires, Thermocouple Extension Cables, Telephone Cables, Computer/Shielded Cables, Solar Wires, Special Application Cables, etc. There are not very strong checks on quality of products, both at manufacturers end as well as at users end. Now-a-days builders are gradually shifting to Fire Retardant category of cables to mitigate the risk of fire. FRLS stands for Flame Retardant Low Smoke, are fire resistant cables which are used at the locations which are more prone to fire. Our new family will withstand 250 kW/m 2 jet fires and withstand temperatures exceeding 1,200 C for half an hour in accordance with ISO 22899-1. Your email address will not be published. The ability of a cable to maintain functionality during fire. . When we test our fire performance cables, we test many elements including: fire resistance, spread of flame and smoke emission. Electricity plays a big role in keeping everything functioning in a smooth manner. A fire or explosion can cause irrevocable damage to human life as well as property. The important standards being followed in our country are ASTM Standards (American Society for Testing and Material), IEC Standards (International Electro technical Commission), NES (Naval Engineering Standards-USA), UL (Underwriters Laboratories), Indian Standards, British Standards, Swedish Standards, etc. CCA is not approved for use by ANSI/TIA in Ethernet cable applications due to poor data and PoE transmission characteristics CCA is not approved for use in any application by the National Electric Code (NEC) for low or high voltage cabling due to it being a fire hazard CCA is not approved by UL due to it being a fire hazard Because of its lower cost, it is fire-resistant cable sales very good. Although the two are different in principle, structure and materials, their uses are similar, and they are quite good in terms of "fireproof" performance. find a supplier near to you or your site. While Flame Retardant 4 is well-known for fabricating PCBs, it also provides an ideal material for: FR4 is a flame-retardant material used for various components in electronics and industrial or marine applications. Use the form below to register your interest and one of our experienced team will be in touch to talk to you more about The Power of Prysmian and what we could do for your business. (1) Flame retardant PVC insulation and sheathing: fixed laying -40; non-fixed laying -15. Also, there are applications, such as, emergency lighting system, elevators, fire alarms, water sprinklers, pumps, exhaust fans, etc. The 27 km, Euro 6 billion Collider lies on the border between France and Switzerland, took nearly 30 years to complete. Firetuf FTP120 - fire resistant armoured power cable
While we see an increasing trend in industry, especially the large ones who buy cables directly, to focus on flame retardant products, the other segments need to bring in the focus on this aspect, especially builders and utilities. Our products meet the required specifications and have been tested in the National Laboratories, e.g., Central Power & Research Institute (CPRI) and Electrical Research & Development Association (ERDA). Why Fire Resistant Cables Are Essential In Todays Environment? Fire Safety 90 percent of the fires are electrical fires, mainly caused by a Defective Electric Circuit (DEC). The IEC publishes a series of documents and rules governing the preparation of documents, drawings and the referencing of equipment. The following is a brief introduction to their differences and features by ZW Cable. When this happens, data and communication can only move in one direction, so you need to lay more than one cable to achieve information going both ways. The safe laying temperature of the cable should not be lower than 0. Circuit integrity cable is needed when circuit integrity is essential for life safety or when it is critical to prevent a plant shut down. PRODUCT SPECIFICATION. We aim to develop better cables that help save lives and provide greater property protection. For installations in non-hazardous industries and open conditionsCables with improved oxygen index are used, popularly known as FR cables. FR4s exceptional dielectric properties also contribute to its capability as an insulator. Moreover, LSZH cables support the Green movement for environmental safety. Fire-resistant cables are widely used in high-rise buildings, underground railways, underground streets, large power stations and important industrial and mining enterprises and other places related to fire safety and fire rescue, for example, power supply lines and control lines of emergency facilities such as fire fighting equipment and emergency guide lights. The aluminum alloy conductor is added relevant trace elements in the aluminum conductor, so that its resistivity is lower than the pure aluminum conductor, which solves the disadvantages of poor mechanical properties, easy breakage and easy creep of pure aluminum . They are less toxic in nature and emit low amount of corrosive fumes. For such condition temperature index is measured, which is maintained in the range of 250 to 350 C. 1.The insulating layer is made of flame retardant materials. Get the latest news, special offers and events from us. As mentioned above depending on application one has to choose material for outer sheath. We are offering cables with fire retardant compounds which reduce fire propagation and there are fire retardant low smoke compounds which besides reducing fire propagation produces low smoke. Compared with normal PVC cables and LSF, zero halogen cables have better fire retardant properties, low toxic and corrosive gas emissions and low smoke emission. These risks and the mode in which the fluid operates at higher pressures can make it easy to justify the use of a fire-resistant fluid. It's very engaging. Fire-resistant wires are widely used in high-rise buildings, subways, underground shopping malls, power stations, and important industrial and mining enterprises related to fire safety and fire rescue For example, power supply wires and control wires for fire fighting facilities. Click here to shop the world's largest selection of wire and cable. And here's some amazing content. ANY PUBLIC OFFERING WILL BE CONDUCTED IN ITALY PURSUANT TO A PROSPECTUS, DULY AUTHORIZED BY CONSOB IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE REGULATIONS. On the contrary, Polyethylene (PE) does not have chlorine but unless cross-linked has a lower melting temperature. Firetuf FT30 Saffire - halogen free, low smoke (OHLS) flame retardant cable
Cables used in plenums are required to have a more stringent test than that of the horizontal or vertical flame tests. QUALUNQUE OFFERTA PUBBLICA SAR REALIZZATA IN ITALIA SULLA BASE DI UN PROSPETTO, APPROVATO DA CONSOB IN CONFORMIT ALLA REGOLAMENTAZIONE APPLICABILE. These new CI cables are commonly used in fire alarm and voice communications systems. From: Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2016. The definition of a fire-resistive or fire-rated cable is a cable that will continue to operate in the presence of a fire. Smoke and toxic suffocating gases create lot of problem for the persons entrapped and for the fire fighting personnel. In the refractory layer to improve the manufacturing process and increase the refractory layer and other methods based on Class A fire rated cable development, it can be 950 ~ 1 000 flame and rated voltage to withstand burning for at least 90min and the cable is not punctured. Our fire performance cables are specifically designed to maintain circuit integrity and continue to work for a specific time under defined conditions of 30, 60, or 120 minutes. As a new technology, the principle of the criticized cable, which is representative of fire-resistant cables, is that the cable can form a self-supporting ceramic body in the flame, which has a certain strength and can be used in the flame at a temperature of 650 to 1000C and the cable will not be damaged. For LSZH cables during fire, visibility maintained is at least 80% or smoke density of 20%. It is measured as per IS 10810 Part 59 or IEC 60754 Part 1. Our fire performance cables are specifically designed to maintain circuit integrity and continue to work for a specific time under defined conditions of 30, 60, or 120 minutes. INVESTORS SHOULD NOT SUBSCRIBE FOR ANY SECURITIES REFERRED TO IN THIS DOCUMENT EXCEPT ON THE BASIS OF INFORMATION CONTAINED IN ANY PROSPECTUS. There are enormous differences between flame-retardant cables and fire-resistive cables. For FRLS cables during fire, maximum halogen gas emitted should be 20% by weight. Firetuf FTP - the original Draka fire resistant armoured cable
After the test fire source is removed, the flame spreads only within a limited range, and the residual flame or residual burn can be extinguished by itself within a limited time. They can be installed in standard raceways and conduit and require no special tools or hardware. keep working. For example, LSZH cables require a different extrusion ratio. And the cable is easy to install, so many customers are willing to buy it. Some companies can offer low price products, but only in the raw materials, the quality of the product is very poor, the rise and fall of copper prices change, largely determine the price of wire and cable. About the author. Universal Cables Limited manufactures all type of fire safe cables e.g., Fire Retardant (FR) cables, Fire Retardant Low Smoke (FRLS) cables, Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) cables and Fire Survival (FS) cables. SV: There are various standards which represent fire properties of cable such as Flammability test as per IEC 60332-1/BS 4066-1 (Flame Test On Single Vertical Insulated Wires/Cables); Oxygen Index Test as per ASTM D2863; Flame retardant test as per Swidish standard SS 4241475; Flame retardant test as IS: 10810(61 & 62); IEC 60332-3/BS 4066-3 (Flame Test On Bunched Wires/Cables); IEC60331 Fire Resistance Test; BS6387 Fire Resistance Test. BS8519 is "code of practice for selection and instalaltion of fire-resistant power & control cable systems for fire safety and fire-fighting applications". Hampshire, Inc.
AB: Safety is an important issue for manufacturers and users where safety against fire is considered to be paramount. To overcome the problems associated with the release of chlorine gas, halogen-free cables are used. But for more than 750 million people around the world 10% of the global population life without electricity is a daily reality. Fire-resistant cables usually add a fire-resistant layer between the conductor and the insulating layer. If you are a buyer and wants to buy the flame retardant wire, don't hesitate to contact us Shenzhen JZD Wires & Cables Co., Ltd., a wire and cable manufacturer. However, these things are, of course We have a sister note to this (Robots - Interesting Video), in which I have posted some videos of interesting robots developed by commercial corporations GE's latest thinking on product manufacturing is he Shingijutsu philosophy or Lean production system. The persons cannot see clearly the exit way and feel suffocation and irritation on skin when comes in contact with droplets. SV: Nowadays, all buyers/utilities are very serious against fire safety in cables and incorporated certain fire test in the specification. (2) Fluorine plastic insulation and sheathing: fixed laying -60; non-fixed laying -20. It has got three sides Oxygen (Air), Fuel (Flammable material) & Heat (Source of fire). PERSONS SALVO CHE I TITOLI SIANO REGISTRATI AI SENSI DEL SECURITIES ACT O IN PRESENZA DI UN'ESENZIONE DALLA REGISTRAZIONE APPLICABILE AI SENSI DEL SECURITIES ACT. They must pass one of the UL 1685 vertical tray flame tests to be UL-listed. (2) Fluoroplastic insulation and sheathing: 220 and 260 two kinds; Fluoroplastic insulation and 105 flame retardant polyvinyl fluoride sheathing: 90 and 125 two kinds. new updated datasheets. Hospitals, Supermarkets, Airports, Control Rooms & Computer Suites) these cables are designed for increased safety in the case of a fire: Historically, most cables used in installations have been insulated with PVC or similar materials. Electrification UK CIBSE CPD webinar series 2022: Electronic Power Breakers Trip Units, Li-Fi: Connecting to the Internet through lighting, Distribution Equipment including Cable Management (4), Electrical Heating, Ventilation & Control (3), advantages and disadvantages of fire resistant cable cable. It is often the substrate material of choice for electrical insulation, recognizable by its signature green color. Chlorine is a poisonous gas and a danger to people. VKG: With growing awareness about fire safety, Bureau of Indian Standards have incorporated various tests as per international standards in its different cable specifications and does all required tests as per these standards, and manufactures meeting test parameters are allowed to put ISI seal/emblem on their cable. Insulation. General purpose PVC produces excessive black smoke which decreases visibility and produces highly toxic suffocating gases and irritating drips on account of chlorine present in PVC compound. We always produce cables that are compliant to the most stringent international . Due to relative low cost, fire retardant cables are widely used as fire survival cables. 225 West Station Square Drive, Suite 700 Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. Few of those are: We manufacture all of the above mentioned cables. We can therefore realize that smoke generated from these conventional polymers under fire is the most important issue that a cable manufacturer has to consider. PVC can be made resistant to a wide range of chemicals including oils, acids and alkalis, and is tough, durable and resistant to abrasion. PE or XLPE are used because of its inherent better electrical/mechanical parameters over PVC e.g. In general, fire-resistant cables can replace flame-retardant cables, but flame-retardant cables cannot replace fire-resistant cables. This Q & A is one of thousands posted in our Technical Expertise . Toget started and understand our policy, you can read our How to Write an Electrical Note. Wire & Cable India magazine wished to inquire into how important the fire safety is to a cable manufacturer. The Prysmian fire performance cable range includes FP100, FP200 GOLD, FP400, FP PLUS and FP600s. In case of fire in plant or at any other place, the burning elements should not produce black and suffocating smoke which results in to zero visibility and difficulty in breathing. The Fire Resistant Cables usually are coated with flame retardants which inhibit the fire & prevent it from spreading further. Flame retardants are chemicals that are added to manufactured materials (e.g., textiles and plastics) and surface finishes and coatings to inhibit combustion or delay the spread of fire after ignition (van der Veen and de Boer, 2012). The outdoor cables installed over-ground do not need Low Smoke Zero Halogen properties as the dense toxic smoke has space to escape. Benefits and Disadvantages Hydraulic fluid requires a unique lubricating ability that can work under pressure and mitigate an array of risks, including fire. Required fields are marked *. Obtain certification wherever necessary. Fire Resistant Cables are one such significant result of the constant innovation that is happening all around. ram31, thanks for expanding on the references and adding the British Standard ones. Some ingredients are now available which if mixed with PE it can reduce its inflammability. No. To make it simpler to understand, will take example of Fire triangle. Both aluminum and aluminum alloy conductors have the ability to conduct electricity, and the resistance of the two is different. We are also offering next generation cables i.e Fire Survival cables which maintain circuit integrity for minimum 3 hrs up to 950 deg Celsius under fire, water and shock conditions to ensure transmission of signals and communication. Some international agencies like BASEC, UL, CE, etc also certifies the fire safety requirement of cables. Fire resistance characteristics. V. K. Gupta: We are manufacturing cables as per customers requirements and as per national/ international specifications, using insulation and jacket material as required. Safety and especially human safety is of prime importance. For LSZH cables during fire, maximum halogen gas emitted should be 0.5% by weight. LSF cable will emit toxic gases while LSZH will limit the emission of these (typically under 0.5% hydrogen chloride emission). In layman's terms, if a wire catches a fire, it can limit the combustion to a local area without spreading, and protect other equipment and avoid greater losses. It is often the substrate material of choice for electrical insulation, recognizable by its signature green color. Flame temperature 950-1000 Flame temperature 750-800 Fire resistant and fire retardant cable sheaths are design to resist combustion and limit the propagation of flames. There are developments going on to improve the property of Polyethylene to make it flame retardant, and we will see better standards implemented, which is now imperative especially after the few large fires where lots of valuable human lives have been lost. This Construction Brief will give you an overview of Verisk's Construction Class 6 - fire-resistive construction. We are acutely conscious of this fact and we have been the first Company in India who offered FR (Flame Retardant) cables as a standard feature on all our XLPE cables. The best safety and rescue equipment cannot work without secured power supply. Riser-rated cables are installed between floors through cable risers and in elevator shafts. PK: Definitely manufacturers have to comply to all above mentioned tests wherever required, and hence has to have: a. Amitava Bose: The genre of fire safe cables includes a wide variety. However many people including lots of buyers we met withcan not distinguish the flame retardant cable, fire resistant cable and fire preventive cable. Firetuf FT120 - the enhanced fire resistant cable solution
AB: Yes. Madem Reels, Brazil, to Setup Wooden Reel Kit Manufacturing Plant of 1,000 NKT to sign JV with Walsin Lihwa to set ELECRAMA 2023: IEEMAs flagship event is off to a India: 175,000 MW Renewable Capacity & 17,000 CKM Transmission For standard installation conditions cables with standard flame retardancy are used. Within Europe the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) has standardised the both the designation and colour of cables. Fire-resistive cables maintain circuit integrity and continue to work for a specific time under defined conditions such as fire. With another ingredient EVA, we are able to make cable compound which will produce almost white smoke and with very-very low halogen content toxic gases. Ireland, Saffire BS6724 Auxiliary Multi-Core Armoured Cable. The Halogen-containing cable flame retardant principle is to rely on the flame retardant effect of halogen. Low smokes cables have a sheath designed to limit the amount of smoke and toxic halogen gases given off during fire situations. L'ESPRESSIONE DIRETTIVA PROSPETTI INDICA LA DIRETTIVA 2003/71/CE (TALE DIRETTIVA E LE RELATIVE MODIFICHE, NONCH LA DIRETTIVA 2010/73/UE, NELLA MISURA IN CUI SIA RECEPITA NELLO STATO MEMBRO RILEVANTE, UNITAMENTE A QUALSIASI MISURA DI ATTUAZIONE NEL RELATIVO STATO MEMBRO). Benefits Of A Control Cable In A Plethora Of Settings. PE compound is used for insulation to have better insulation resistance parameters, but is highly inflammable and fire does not extinguish rather propagates. PK: Fire retarding properties in cable are of great importance. Next, the difference between flame-retardant cables and fire-resistant cables is introduced in detail: Many people easily confuse the concepts of flame-retardant cables and fire-resistant cables. To ensure that cable performs up to the mark on fire safety standards is critical to both manufacturers and end users. Our fire testing lab at Eastleigh conducts over 1,500 tests a year to quality check and perfect existing and new cable.