Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. He did this for one-half hour. The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. >> [/PDF All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. Therefore the person's attitude changes. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______. . The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. 0000000974 00000 n //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. An internet resource developed by How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? In Asch's black line experiment, participants. Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior 0000000658 00000 n This has many practical implications. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. in order to reduce dissonance. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). Festinger and Carlsmith - cognitive dissonance , Cognitive consequences of Forced Compliance. This is an example of which rule of attraction? Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . New York: Harper & Row. 1959. You have created 2 folders. Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. Instead the opposite happened. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. To which he readily agrees. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). 2. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Oct. 2011. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. trailer Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. This is an example of_______ cause. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. 52 0 obj Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. /E 95019 They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. The results were surprising to Festinger. When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. Which of the following statements is TRUE? An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). endstream endobj startxref Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. This is most like which of the following techniques? Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. endobj It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. 1. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. (p.3). 0000011828 00000 n It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. (The secretary had left the office.) They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. Festinger, L. (1957). /Root 48 0 R These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. 0 This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. Nicole will probably experience. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. J. abnorm. His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. Cite details from the essay that support your response. Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. Dr. Nekita Fuller A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. >> We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. These are: 1. gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. 0000010779 00000 n hbbd``b` H? If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. York University, Toronto, Ontario. Like Explorable? 2. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. This is. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. 47 14 The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. Cognitive Dissonance. /Type/Page Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963)