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Its common in our field to emphasize the year 1898 and the war with Spain. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. 3 (1933): 44874. endobj Please see attached document for assignments needed. Anthony Rawlings (New York, 1971); Benjamn Torres, Marisa Rosado and Jos Manuel Torres Santiago, eds., Imagen de Pedro Albizu Campos (San Juan, 1973); Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos ; Laura Meneses de Albizu Campos, Albizu Campos y la Independencia de Puerto Rico (San Juan, 2007); and Nelson A. Denis, War against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in Americas Colony (New York, 2015). and Germany, Leased from Panama Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. currently an unorganized, unincorporated U.S. territory under These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. But it is still a significant figure. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. endobj The Library of Congress has accepted an estimate of one million Filipino fatalities, which also circulates in the Philippines. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence Copyright: H.C. Robertson. It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. A self-governing state cannot accept . The map is color-coded to show the territory of the original United States and the Northwest Territory (1783), the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the area acquired from Britain in 1818 west of the Lake of the Woods, Florida in 1819, the annexation of Texas in 1845, the . 5 (2011): 134891. 20. When we factor the territories in, were left not with the logo mapthe familiar compact and static land mass. for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain 40. 1848. ed. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Most U.S. historians, especially when working on the zoomed-out, textbook level, implicitly take as their unit of analysis only a part of the United States, the contiguous part. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. ]d*d>&Pd,QMG{\T-8FFSI>rK}bbSh]Z")aqvTI*FI}jO~>(-lL%cd&ct2Pd{>t: 91 R5(LtT+3l1YZzDzL>X2LkR:&.iz>,!9)9s6G&f!))wGc/=-UHwkAx#qhO The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . If you have any questions please let me know.! The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. 5 0 obj On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). sovereign, self-governing republic. Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes) Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided Prime meridians: Washington, D.C. and London. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? <> This was a war, not over latitudes but points, in which particular spots on the mapthe Green Zone in Iraq, black-site prisons sprinkled throughout foreign countries, Guam, Guantnamo Bay, the all-important military base of Diego Garciatook on outsize significance. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000 Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. 42. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. At upper left margin: No. 6 Although this is strange to contemplate, we are now as chronologically distant from that book as that book was from the Philippine-American War. 2007-228. Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. With time, Indian Territory was whittled down to Oklahoma. The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. Takeover, the purchase of one company by another; Mergers and acquisitions, transactions in which the ownership of companies or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities; Procurement, finding, agreeing terms and acquiring goods, services or works from an external source; Library acquisitions, department of a library responsible for . Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. Why do you think so many of these new possessions were islands located in the Pacific Ocean? Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. 36. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. 161. The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. . Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. 35. The reason has not just to do with our conception of empire. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern 11. James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. Also available in digital form. 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. References [ edit] ^ "Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian". 3. Yet annexation did take place. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? The question of territory was there from the start. This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. stream A very good overview of bases and other points within the network of U.S. postwar power projection is Ruth Oldenziel, Islands: The United States as a Networked Empire, in Gabrielle Hecht, ed., Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 1342. For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . All instructions are in the template file. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims 26. Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes), Home About Services Privacy Reviews Login, Copyright 2023 Academic Cave | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, Click one of our contacts below to chat on WhatsApp. To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. The comparison is enlightening. 16. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd stream The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. As it gained power, it shed territory. All rights reserved. 32. Its not only the Philippines. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. Relief shown by hachures. 7. Those examples are merely suggestive. (New York, 2006), 179. They hung on classroom walls. 8. A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. David Rumsey Map Collection. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007).