Then again in November 2012, NDTV reported that cost of the aircraft carrier had increased and the delivery has been delayed by at least five years and is expected to be with the Indian Navy only after 2018 as against the scheduled date of delivery of 2014. [41][42], In July 2013, Defence Minister A K Antony announced that Vikrant would be launched on 12 August at the Cochin Shipyard.
The supplier, Elecon Engineering, had to work around a number of technical complexities due to the length of the propulsion shafts. He is an actor, known for Nixon (1995), The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Travels with Father (1996) and The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992). Russian/Soviet Aircraft Carrier & Carrier Aviation Design & Evolution Volume 1: Seaplane Carriers, Project 71/72, Graf Zeppelin, Project 1123 ASW Cruiser & Project 1143-1143.4 Heavy Aircraft Carrying Cruiser 142 According to these TTX CRI-45 prepared a project for a small aircraft carrier 71a. Building Infra. Owned by Vesper Energy, The Axton Solar Project involves 1,237 privately owned acres in Henry County, 1,423 acres in western Pittsylvania County and is … He said that 90% of the body work of the aircraft carrier had been designed and made in India, about 50% of the propulsion system, and about 30% of the fighting capability of the carrier was Indian. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Russian/Soviet Aircraft Carrier & Carrier Aviation Design & Evolution Volume 1: Seaplane Carriers, Project 71/72, Graf Zeppelin, Project 1123 ASW ... 1143-1143.4 Heavy Aircraft Carrying Cruiser at Amazon.com. The component carrier can have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz and a maximum of five component carriers can be aggregated, hence the maximum aggregated bandwidth is 100 MHz. Should India Be Building Another Carrier? Fri … 1988. Make the switch to the Google Fi Unlimited or Flexible plan to get high-speed data and texting abroad, unlimited tethering, and more at no extra charge. [29] INS Vishal will feature steam catapults for operating larger fighter aircraft, and carry heavier airborne early-warning (AEW) system and aerial refuelers. … It is the first aircraft carrier to be built in India. Antony at the Cochin Shipyard on 28 February 2009. Indian Aircraft Carrier (IAC) will use STOBAR (Short Take Off But Arrested Recovery) by using a ski jump for take off just like the INS Vikramaditya Aircraft Carrier. The motto of the ship is Jayema Sam Yudhi Sprdhah, which is taken from Rigveda 1.8.3 and can be translated as "I defeat those who fight against me". M16,M16A1,M16 A2 anti aircraft, M3 troop carrier WW2 halftracks To be restored, chassis and armour uncut, price on application.
04-08-2017 17:24:24 ZULU. [16], In April 2011, Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma stated that construction of the second carrier was some years away as there were a number of higher spending priorities for the navy. INS Vikrant, also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 1 (IAC-1), is an aircraft carrier under construction by Cochin Shipyard in Kochi, Kerala for the Indian Navy. The shape of the SR-71 was based on that of the A-12, which was one of the first aircraft to be designed with a reduced radar cross-section. script.setAttribute("onerror", "setNptTechAdblockerCookie(true);");
No contracts or … We constantly build upon our history of proven innovation with new products and services that improve global comfort and efficiency. 2017. Project 71 emerged soon after Soviets introduced carriers into their naval building program in 1938. Indian Aircraft Carrier (IAC) Project 71 (INS Vikrant) under construction at the Indian Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) for the Indian Navy. C24 is the only 27pF cap, could be 22pf instead C40, C206, C211 could be 0402 instead of 0805? The Ka-31 will fulfill the airborne early warning (AEW) role and the Sea King will provide anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capability. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. It has memory and clocking resources and supports the White Rabbit timing and control network. Designers continued their work, creating the upgraded Project 72 in 1944, but neither project would ever see the light of day. [37] Other issues resulting in delays included an accident with a diesel generator and an issue with its alignment. 76. India evaluated the Russian Sukhoi Su-33, but chose the lighter Mikoyan MiG-29K as the Vikramaditya was smaller and lacked an aircraft catapult. No contracts or … Six were planned, but none were ever realized. The assumed load at AHAM conditions (80/70, 80) is the capacity of the variable-speed running continuously in dehumidification mode. [1] Work has begun for next stage which includes installation of the integrated propulsion system. Russian/Soviet Aircraft Carrier & Carrier Aviation Design & Evolution Volume 1: Seaplane Carriers, Project 71/72, Graf Zeppelin, Project 1123 ASW Cruiser & Project 1143 …
The main way to take off aircraft from aircraft carriers was a free take-off on the flight deck, the use of catapults was provided only at maximum takeoff weight and adverse weather conditions. Thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet. Like Project 71, she drew heavily on the Nazi German Graf Zeppelin design, and like the Nazi German ship was projected to carry a very small air group for her size, 60 aircraft. Corey Carrier was born on August 20, 1980 in Middleboro, Massachusetts, USA as Corey Thomas Carrier. [38] In August 2011, the defence ministry reported to the Lok Sabha that 75% of the construction work for the hull of the lead carrier had been completed and the carrier would be first launched in December 2011, following which further works would be completed until commissioning. The navy might later seek help from the Russian Design Bureau in order to integrate the Russian aircraft onto Vishal. [18], Design stage for INS Vishal (IAC-II) has begun, which is being undertaken by the navy’s 'Naval Design Bureau'. The ship was launched by Elizabeth Antony, wife of Defence Minister A K Antony on 12 August 2013. The carrier was floated out of its dry dock on 29 December 2011,[5] and launched on 12 August 2013. They would have been almost identical in size to the British Colossus -class light carriers. The first vessel was to replace INS Vikrant, which was set to decommission in early 1997. By then design updates called for a 37,500 ton carrier to operate the MiG-29K. Ajuda de Acessibilidade. }, Page last modified:
Sign in to disable ALL ads. The remains of Project Habbakuk, Britain's secret 1942 prototype of an indestructible iceberg ship, still lie at the bottom of Lake Patricia in Canada. In 1999, then Defence Minister George Fernandes revived the project and sanctioned the construction of the Project 71 ADS. years.8 Under the Navy’s FY2020 30-year shipbuilding plan, carrier procurement would shift from 5-year centers (i.e., one carrier procured each five years) to 4-year centers after the procurement of CVN-82 in FY2028, and a 12-carrier force would be achieved on a sustained basis in the 2060s.9 The initial version of the weapons included 3 twin 130mm gun mounts, 8 coupled 100mm installations and 4 quadruple 37mm submachine guns. This project, too, was canceled even before construction began. Computer graphics of Tejas naval variant. [5][13] The SAIL Steel Plants of the Steel at Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur and Bokaro manufactured 26,000 tonnes of three special steels being used for the hull, flight deck and floor compartments of the carrier. The original plan didn't specify any dedicated carrier projects but soon after a TTZ was issued for light carrier with about 13 000ton displacement and 40 aircrafts. Three Good Reasons for Indian Navy to Order Second Project 71 Aircraft Carrier INS Vikrant model at DefExp 2014: According to The Hindu, Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) "has urged the Navy to place an order with it for a follow-on carrier of Vikrant-class." 26 ₹ 8,074 Cr. "true" : "false") + "; expires=" + d.toUTCString() + "; path=/";
Thanks to his efforts, the plans of the Third Five-Year Plan of 1938-1942 included the laying of two aircraft carriers, one for the Northern and Pacific fleets. Allow more spacing between SDRAM footprints (IC15, IC24, IC26, IC16) to allow soldering larger memories. The early-form aircraft carrier was the 'seaplane tenders' of World War 1 and these were given modest aircraft loadouts. [30], Amongst the first construction problems experienced was the lack of supply of carrier-grade steel due to the inability of Russia to supply the AB/A grade steel. It was planned that after about a year’s development in the refit dock, the carrier would be launched when all the major components, including underwater systems, would be in place. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. document.cookie = "__adblocker=" + (adblocker ? As we have reported earlier, U.S. Air … Read More » Stalin had an inexplicable passion for huge battleships, and few people dared to object to him. The first indigenous Indian carrier will have a full displacement of around 40,000 tons and it will be capable of carrying an air wing of around 30 fighter jets and helicopters. [31], The keel for Vikrant was laid by Defence Minister A.K. }
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar. The deck fighter was to be replaced with a ship modification of the famous Yakovlev Yak-9K fighter, the Tupolev design bureau was to develop ship torpedo bombers PT-M71.
Project 71 :: Aircraft-carrier launch delayed by few weeks Discussion in 'Indian Defence Forum' started by sudhir007, Nov 11, 2011. Indian Indigenous Aircraft Carrier Carrier (Project-71) Model With LCA-N Tejas Naval Fighter Jets. Amazon.com: Russian/Soviet Aircraft Carrier & Carrier Aviation Design & Evolution Volume 1: Seaplane Carriers, Project 71/72, Graf Zeppelin, Project 1123 ASW ... 1143-1143.4 Heavy Aircraft Carrying Cruiser (9781537534848): Harkins, Hugh: Books The EMALS enables launching varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV). Built on Willis Carrier’s invention of modern air conditioning in 1902, Carrier is a world leader in heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration solutions. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) {
"The CSL has reportedly committed to deliver the the follow-on Vikrant class carrier by 2022! The website and the Information contained on it with regard to the various Project(s) including but not limited to pictures, images, renderings, literature are under review/revision in terms of the Real Estate Regulation Act, 2016 and Rules thereunder (UPRERA)., and will be reviewed from time to time. [15] Interior works and fittings on the hull would be carried out until the second half of 2012, when it would again be dry-docked for integration with its propulsion and power generation systems. [34] The construction plan called for the carrier to be launched in 2010, when it would displace some 20,000 tonnes, as a larger displacement could not be accommodated in the building bay. Project 71 :: Aircraft-carrier launch delayed by few weeks Discussion in 'Indian Defence Forum' started by sudhir007, Nov 11, 2011. [32][33] The ship uses modular construction, with 874 blocks joined together for the hull. What was the basis for such a successful assumption is not known, but the Soviet side, according to the 1937 treaty obliged to provide information to the British about the ship's bookmarks, reported nothing of the kind, in the absence of the fact itself. Each aggregated carrier is referred to as a component carrier, CC. [8] By that time, given the aging Sea Harrier fleet, the letter of intent called for a carrier that would carry more modern jet fighters. India considered a number of aircraft for operation from its INS Vikramaditya and the planned indigenous aircraft carrier. La classe Vikrant è la nuova classe di portaerei che l'India sta costruendo autonomamente. Four incomplete ships, the battlecruisers of the Borodino class, were converted as aircraft carriers a part of Project 72. [10], In August 2006, then Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Arun Prakash stated that the designation for the vessel had been changed from Air Defence Ship (ADS) to Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC). Amazon.com: Russian/Soviet Aircraft Carrier & Carrier Aviation Design & Evolution Volume 1: Seaplane Carriers, Project 71/72, Graf Zeppelin, Project 1123 ASW ... 1143-1143.4 Heavy Aircraft Carrying Cruiser (9781537534848): Harkins, Hugh: Books The SR-71 was developed as a black project from the Lockheed A-12 reconnaissance aircraft during the 1960s by Lockheed's Skunk Works division. The carrier is expected to enter service by 2025. [11], The first ship of the class, INS Vikrant, displaces about 40,000 metric tons (39,000 long tons), is 262 metres (860 ft) long and has a tailored air group of up to thirty aircraft. From the combat experience had in The Great War, the warship type was evolved considerably during World War 2 to partake in some of the fiercest naval battles in history. JS Izumo (DDH-183) Conventionally-Powered Helicopter Carrier / Destroyer. India opted for a three-carrier fleet consisting of one carrier battle group stationed on each seaboard, and a third carrier held in reserve, in order to continuously protect both its flanks, to protect economic interests and mercantile traffic, and to provide humanitarian platforms in times of disasters, since a carrier can provide a self-generating supply of fresh water, medical assistance or engineering expertise to populations in need for assistance. It will deploy up to 20 fixed-wing aircraft, primarily the Mikoyan MiG-29K and the naval variant of the HAL Tejas Mark 2, besides carrying 10 Kamov Ka-31 or Westland Sea King helicopters. Final revisions to the design increased the displacement of the carriers from 37,500 tons to over 40,000 tons. Italian defence major Avio is installing the integrated platform management system (IPMS). [9] The aircraft carrier project finally received formal government approval in January 2003. The Talwar class has its origins in the Severnoye (Northern) Design Bureau that developed intothe Project 1135.6 vessel using an earlier Project 1135.1 design. Make the switch to the Google Fi Unlimited or Flexible plan to get high-speed data and texting abroad, unlimited tethering, and more at no extra charge. American aerospace engineer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson was responsible for many of the aircraft's innovative concepts. Corey Carrier, Actor: Nixon. Köp Russian/Soviet Aircraft Carrier & Carrier Aviation Design & Evolution Volume 1: Seaplane Carriers, Project 71/72, Graf Zeppelin, Project 1123 ASW Crui av Hugh Harkins på Bokus.com. The Rafale M is almost the same size as the MiG-29K, but packs a much greater punch. However, the idea to strengthen the soviet navy aircraft-carrying ship was not forgotten. document.cookie = "__adblocker=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/";
Russian/Soviet Aircraft Carrier & Carrier Aviation Design & Evolution Volume 1: Seaplane Carriers, Project 71/72, Graf Zeppelin, Project 1123 ASW Cruiser & Project … Nikolai Kuznetsov was appointed in April 1939 as the People's Commissar of the Navy. [19] Naval versions of Tejas, Sukhoi/HAL FGFA, Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) and the Rafale M fighter jets are likely to operate from the aircraft carrier. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Russian/Soviet Aircraft Carrier & Carrier Aviation Design & Evolution Volume 1: Seaplane Carriers, Project 71/72, Graf Zeppelin, Project 1123 ASW ... 1143-1143.4 Heavy Aircraft Carrying Cruiser at Amazon.com. A proposed National Park Service and National Forest Service project would use the John Rock Overlook on the Blue Ridge Parkway as an additional access … The Talwar class has its origins in the Severnoye (Northern) Design Bureau that developed intothe Project 1135.6 vessel using an earlier Project 1135.1 design. (function(src){var a=document.createElement("script");a.type="text/javascript";a.async=true;a.src=src;var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)})("//experience.tinypass.com/xbuilder/experience/load?aid=bYdYZQml5V"); The aircraft carriers of this type were included in the Soviet shipbuilding program of 1938. Theodore Roosevelt and its carrier strike group are deployed to the U.S. 5th Fleet area of operations in support of maritime security operations to reassure allies and partners and preserve the freedom of navigation and the free flow of commerce in the region. The first vessel was to replace INS Vikrant, which was set to decommission in early 1997. A simple VME64x carrier for two high pin count FPGA Mezzanine Cards (VITA 57). script.setAttribute("async", true);
[21][22][23] On 1 August 2013 Vice Admiral RK Dhowan, while talking about the detailed study underway on the IAC-II project, said that nuclear propulsion was also being considered.[24]. Credits: Paramount Pictures (Screenshot from Top Gun: Maverick new trailer) In 2013, Lockheed Martin announced the development of the successor to the SR-71 Blackbird spy plane. 1967. In FDD the number of aggregated carriers can be different in DL and UL, see figure 1. Owned by Vesper Energy, The Axton Solar Project involves 1,237 privately owned acres in Henry County, 1,423 acres in western Pittsylvania County and is … After its launch, Vikrant would be re-docked for completion of rest of the work including the flight deck. The small carrier, with a displacement of 11,300 tons, was to be armed with 8x100-mm universal cannon, 16x37-mm guns, and 20x12.7-mm machineguns. Indian Aircraft Carrier (IAC) will use STOBAR (Short Take Off But Arrested Recovery) by using a ski jump for take off just like the INS Vikramaditya Aircraft Carrier. By the beginning of the war, the construction of these aircraft carriers was canceled. var script = document.createElement("script");
Technical difficulties, the huge cost of refitting the Russian-built carrier Admiral Gorshkov, and billions in cost overruns[7] have delayed plans for the first of the vessels to enter service, which is now scheduled for 2018.[6]. [20] The navy evaluated the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), which is being used by the US Navy in their latest Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers. A proposed National Park Service and National Forest Service project would use the John Rock Overlook on the Blue Ridge Parkway as an additional access point to the Graveyard Fields trails system. So I looked up a few statistics on the Internet, this right here is a picture of an F/A-18 Hornet right over here. The aircraft carrier "Red Banner" appears, which along with another ship of this type is supposed to be laid in Leningrad in 1939-1940. In 1944 the people's commissariat of the shipbuilding industry has prepared a lengthy summary report of the group of engineers and shipbuilders, was sent to the United States . Seções desta Página. http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/185-Indian-Aircraft-Carrier.html, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/ads.htm, "Antony lays keel of first Indigenous Aircraft Carrier", http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=48166, "Comparison of Chinese Aircraft Carrier Liaoning and Indian INS Vikrant", http://www.theworldreporter.com/2013/08/aicraft-carrier-liaoning-vs-indian-ins-vikrant.html, "Keel-laying of indigenous aircraft carrier in December", http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/29/stories/2008092955681400.htm, "Vikramaditya and Liaoning - forces of the future", http://indrus.in/articles/2012/12/05/vikramaditya_and_liaoning_-_forces_of_the_future_19567.html, "Elecon to supply gears for India's first aircraft carrier", http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/elecon-to-supply-gears-for-indias-first-aircraft-carrier/459654/, "India starts work on second indigenous aircraft carrier", http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/India-starts-work-on-second-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/articleshow/15004643.cms, "Second indigenous carrier a long way off: Navy Chief", http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1819080.ece, "First indigenous aircraft carrier to be launched next year: Navy chief", http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/73256/LATEST%20HEADLINES/First+indigenous+aircraft+carrier+to+be+launched+next+year:+Navy+chief.html, http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-starts-work-on-second-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/271741-3.html, http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article583809.ece, "Navy eyes high-tech options for future aircraft carriers", http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/navy-eyes-high-tech-options-for-future-aircraft-carriers-113052900923_1.html, "Indian Navy seeks EMALS system for second Vikrant-class aircraft carrier", http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindian-navy-seeks-emals-system-second-vikrant-class-aircraft-carrier, Eye on future, India mulls options for nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/20091013.aspx, "India, Russia to ink $1.2 bn deal for 29 more MiG-29Ks", http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-18/india/28115936_1_refit-rechristened-ins-vikramaditya-largest-defence-supplier, "First indigenous aircraft carrier to be launched next year: Navy chief: LATEST HEADLINES: India Today", http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/73256/Top%20Stories/First+indigenous+aircraft+carrier+to+be+launched+next+year:+Navy+chief.html, http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/indian-aircraft-carrier-enters-sea-trials-as-navy-eyes-rafale-372925/, "Indian Navy prefers EMALS on new aircraft carriers", "Navy could retire INS Viraat, to get Gorshkov on Dec 4", http://www.indianexpress.com/news/navy-could-retire-ins-viraat-to-get-gorshkov-on-dec-4/939601/0, "INS Vikrant's first victory: being built from Indian steel", http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ins-vikrant-s-first-victory-being-built-from-indian-steel-113080701287_1.html, "India overhauls coastal security, Navy gets charge", http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090085124, "India to lay keel of new aircraft carrier on Saturday | World | RIA Novosti", http://en.rian.ru/world/20090226/120325539.html, http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.deccanherald.com%2FContent%2FMar12009%2Fscroll20090301121399.asp&date=2012-07-15, "Keel laying of indigenous aircraft carrier next week", http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29613§ionid=4&issueid=93&Itemid=1, "Indigenous Aircraft Carrier’s nucleus ready - India - DNA", http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_indigenous-aircraft-carrier-s-nucleus-ready_1448720, "Indigenous aircraft carrier a year behind schedule", http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1530996.ece, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2681534.ece, ‘Indigenous aircraft carrier launch this Dec’, First indigenous aircraft carrier to be completed by Dec: Govt, IBN Live News, From 12th Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA 2013) Between March 26 & 30, "Indian Carrier Sails from Russia for Final Sea Trials", http://www.defencetalk.com/indian-carrier-sails-from-russia-for-final-sea-trials-48281/, INS Vikrant, first Indian-made aircraft carrier, enters water next week, http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-launched-in-august-ak-antony/391008-3.html, "Eye on future, India mulls options for nuclear-powered aircraft carrier", http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-01/india/40961197_1_cbgs-iac-ii-aircraft-carrier, History as Air Defense Ship on Global Security, India set to launch its very own aircraft carrier, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Vikrant-class_aircraft_carrier?oldid=4489609, Pages using duplicate arguments in template calls. In 2001, CSL released a graphic showing the 32,000-ton STOBAR (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) design with a pronounced ski jump. The war froze the plans. General Atomics, the developer of the EMALS, was cleared by the US government to give a technical demonstration to Indian Navy officers, who were impressed by the new capabilities of the system. 2015. The first aircraft carrier commissioned into the United States Navy was USS Langley on 20 March 1922. The navy has decided not to seek outside help in preparing the design concept and implementation plans. The INS Vikrant class (formerly Project 71 Air Defence Ship (ADS) or Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC)) is a class of aircraft carrier being built for the Indian navy. Google Project Fi (United States) uses 1 GSM band, 2 UMTS bands, 6 LTE bands, and 2 CDMA bands. Pris: 339 kr.
The Brief SayahCORP Telecommunications, is the leading contractor corporation in lebanon. During the same period, Soviet and foreign designers collaborated to create a more traditional aircraft carrier design, coming up with what became known as Project 71 in mid-1939. The carrier, Project 85, would displace just twenty-eight thousand tons and carry forty navalized MiG-19 fighters. Finally, the Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) worked with the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) to create suitable production facilities for the steel in India. The IAC-I features a STOBAR[12] (Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) configuration with a ski-jump. Häftad, 2016. var d = new Date();
[25] On 18 January 2010, it was reported that India and Russia were close to signing a deal for 29 MiG-29K fighters to operate from IAC-I. Preparations for building the lead vessel of the class, INS Vikrant, started in 2008, and the keel was laid in February 2009. 4 quad AA 37mm (range Ver - 5km,160-180 shots/sec).
Losing Muscle Mass Reddit,
Indoor Camp Games,
Association For Women's Rights In Development Number,
Great Value Canned Chili,
Chinese Clothes In Jamaica,
What Causes Bloating In The Stomach?,
Level 13 Walls,
Discuss The Financial Instruments Used In International Financing,
Baked S'mores Bars,
Camp Lejeune Human Resources Civilians,