Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Verse 7. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. Verse 13. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. "useRatesEcommerce": false He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. ). Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. They cannot be abusive or personal. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Verse 12. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. Son of Aksha. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). Son of Sukhavarman. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Answer. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? Sussala's son. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. for this article. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. orders. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. This quarterly has been published regularly since Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. epic poem You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. field of Asian Studies. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. Son of Sangramapida II. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). . During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Her son was Chippatajayapida. Translation of " " into Persian . He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. How do people make money on survival on Mars? In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. After his death, the queen committed. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? Has data issue: true He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). Gave lands to Brahmins. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. . In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Son of Hiranyakula. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Made king by the minister Shura. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. Answer. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Verse 15. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. After that, the English translation. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? } [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara).